Xarxes inalàmbriques

WIFI stands for "wireless fidelity", and is a wireless LAN

2 types of architecture :

• adhoc - no AP, peer to peer topology
• infrastructure - a base station acts as a hub - star topology

IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards for wireless local area network using 2.4 GHz and the 5 GHz spectrum bands

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) standard

Frequency band : 2,400 - 2,4835 GHz (Industrial Scientific Medical Band).

Arquitectura : get all 802 !

• physical layer- can use
  • DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
  • FHSS (Frequency Hope Spread Spectrum)
  • OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
  • IR (Infrared)
• modulation : QFSK, BFSK, DBPSK
• access protocol - CSMA/CA
• security : RC-4 based encryption algorithm

Legislación española : ver S5.150 en S5_1.doc de Sección III : disposición del cuadro de atribución de bandas de frecuencias. Channel 10-11 (Spain).

A common design for antennas is to make them 1/4 of a wavelength or less in length.

Hardware comparisons : Seattle

Receive sensitivity : FreeNetworks

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is a security algorithm for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks

In 2003 the Wi-Fi Alliance announced that WEP had been superseded by Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA).

WPA2 replaced WPA in 2004

Authentication key distribution :

• WPA-Personal, WPA-PSK : each wireless network device encrypts the network traffic by deriving its 128-bit encryption key from a 256-bit shared key.
  This key may be entered either as a string of 64 hexadecimal digits, or as a passphrase of 8 to 63 printable ASCII characters
• WPA-Enterprise, WPA-802.1X mode or just WPA : requires a RADIUS authentication server

Encryption protocol

• TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol)
• CCMP (CTR mode with CBC-MAC Protocol)

New WEP cracking tools : WEP.HTM

"WPA Cracking" ... "128 Bit WEP cracking" here "The minimum number of characters for a WPA-PSK passphrase is 8. The maximum is 63."

Chez moi :

Atenció a la seguretat : el AirSnort crakeja les claus d'encriptació ! I el WEPCrack !

ExtremeTech diu :

 WEP (wired-equivalent privacy) = encryption scheme for wireless traffic.
 Tools are readily available to break 40-bit WEP in a few minutes, and 128-bit WEP keys can be broken in a few days.

El AiroPeek (protocol analyzer) preten arreglar-ho.

IBM diu

I té el DWSA

Un article amb els esencials de la seguretat WiFi casolana.

Norma : 802.11b - 802.11a is used by OTAN in Europe.

IEEE 802.11n is a wireless networking standard created to improve network throughput over the two prior standards : Wireless-G (54 Mbps) or even Wireless-B (11 Mbps).

Wireless-N increased the maximum data transmission rate more than tenfold from 54 Mbps to 600-900 Mbps.

remember, lower frequency means longer range

wiki 802.11a , speeds

The IEEE 802.11 standard defines operation for wireless networks in both the 2,4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency ranges.

802.11a (wiki) - The 802.11a standard uses the same core protocol as the original standard (ratified in 1999), operates in 5 GHz band, and uses a 52-subcarrier orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mbit/s, which yields realistic net achievable throughput in the mid-20 Mbit/s.

The 2.4 GHz band is used for Wireless-G, and the 5 GHz for Wireless-N only.

All of the versions of Wi-Fi up to and including 802.11n (a, b, g, n) operate between the frequencies of 2400 and 2500 MHz. These 100 MHz are separated into 14 channels of 20 MHz each (overlapping).

Each channel number is assigned to that channel’s center frequency (i.e., 2.4 GHz Channel 1 is at 2.412 GHz).

2.4 GHz only allows for 3 channels without an overlap - these are 1, 6 and 11. See list of WLAN channels

Using the 5 GHz band gives 802.11a a significant advantage, since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used to the point of being crowded. Degradation caused by such conflicts can cause frequent dropped connections and degradation of service. However, this high carrier frequency also brings a slight disadvantage: the effective overall range of 802.11a is slightly less than that of 802.11b/g; 802.11a signals cannot penetrate as far as those for 802.11b because they are absorbed more readily by walls and other solid objects in their path.

The great thing about 5 GHz (5.170 MHz .. 5.570 MHz, 802.11n and 802.11ac) is that it offers 23 non-overlapping 20 MHz channels because there’s much more free space at the higher frequencies,

This is where the topic of channel width gets interesting. There is significantly more spectrum available in this band, with each channel occupying its own 20MHz non-overlapping slice. As was the case in 2.4, 802.11n gave us the ability to use 40MHz channels. From there, 802.11ac now allows for 80MHz and even 160MHz wide channels! These wide channels are created by bonding 20MHz channels together, again using the center frequency to denote the channel. For example, channels 36 and 40 (each 20MHz) are bound together to make 40MHz channel 38, etc

When setting the channels on your 5 GHz APs, try to stick with 36, 40, 44 and 48

url

2.4 GHz overview

• Pros: Larger coverage area; better at penetrating solid objects
• Cons : Lower data rate; more prone to interference; usually more devices using this frequency
• Max connection speed : ~150 Mbps
• Max signal range from router : ~410 ft

5 GHz overview

• Pros : Higher data rate; less prone to interference; usually fewer devices using this frequency
• Cons : Smaller coverage area; worse at penetrating solid objects
• Max connection speed : ~1 Gbps
• Max signal range from router : ~410 ft amplified

AP and CSA (channel switch announcement) frames

The Channel Switch Announcement element is used by an AP in a BSS, a STA in an IBSS, or a mesh STA in an MBSS to advertise when it is changing to a new channel and the channel number of the new channel.

DFS is a spectrum-sharing mechanism that allows wireless LANs (WLANs) to coexist with radar systems.

If your AP want to use a 5 GHz channel, it need to support Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS for short). If interference is detected after the AP has started, it sends a Channel Switch Announcement telling the stations that the AP will change channel after the next X beacons. The stations must obey or they will be disconnected.

A free (guindous) scanner utility is Nirsoft’s WifiInfoView, which doesn’t even require installation. Just unzip and run it, and check out all of the networks using each channel.

20200628 - antena wifi, Maxesla WiFi Adaptador AC 1200Mbps USB WiFi Receptor Dual Band 2.4G/5GHz

• antena extraíble de 5dBi
• IEEE 802.11ac
• banda (velocidad) : 5GHz (867 Mbps) ; 2.4GHz (300 Mbps)
• USB 3.0
• driver @ all.ei72.com.w.alikunlun.com (115.220.8.224)

Nuevo modelo : Maxelsa 1.300 Mbps 16 €

Si volem tenir una xarxa propia "itinerant" i conectar-nos a Internet només en algun moment, ens cal una configuracio com aquesta, on el punt (1) dificilment pot ser un cable (estem en un hotel) :

See FastLane !

El problema és que la password de internet proporcionada per el router (a) s'ha de posar manualment a tots els terminals que es conectin al router (b)

The ISM radio bands are portions of the radio spectrum reserved internationally for industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) purposes other than telecommunications.

wikipedia

The nrf24l01 antena operates in 2,4 GHz frequency band (2.400 to 2.525 MHz) and uses GFSK modulation for data transmission.

User can select any channel in the range 0-125

Each channel occupies a bandwidth of less than 1 MHz

So, channel 76 uses a frequency of 2.476 MHz, this is 2.476 GHz

• Edimax
  • EW-7202AP
  • EW-7205AP

• Surecom EP-9500

• Pricoinsa té Conceptronic ( SMC 2662W, USB = 92 + IVA. 20 Jan 2003 ) i SMC

• A Swan tenen Surecom (PCMCIA per 72 € )
  Swan : Conceptronic ( SMC 2602W, PCI = 82. SMC 2655W, AP = 164. 20 Jan 2003 )

• Per fer un AP amb una D-link DWL-650 PCMCIA ...

• Lucent

• Orinoco (15 dbm power output)

• Apple Airport

• Cisco

• Linksys

• D-Link : DWL-650 PCMCIA is cheap and has Linux support

• Edimax
  • PCMCIA
    • EW-7102PC = Wireless LAN PCMCIA adapter (*linux*)
    • EW-7103PC = Wireless LAN PCMCIA adapter (*linux*)
  • USB
    • EW-7112U = Wireless LAN USB adapter
    • EW-7115U = Wireless LAN USB adapter
  • PCI
    • EW-7122 = Wireless LAN PCI adapter (*linux*)
    • EW-7123 = Wireless LAN PCI adapter

• Surecom
  • PC Card : EP-9427
  • USB Card : EP-9001

• En Jordi te una PCMCIA Edimax, EW-7102 PC
  A Edimax seccio "products" + "wireless" :
  • EW-7103 PC : pcmcia wireless network adapter, 12 dBm output power (typ), -80 dBm receiver sensitivity (min). Coverage area : closed space (25m).
  • EW-7123 PC : pci wireless network adapter
  • EW-7205 AP : access point. Data packet bridging between wireless network (802.11b) and Ethernet network (802.3). Operating range : open space (100-300m), indoor (35-100m).

  Per les WS amb USB, en Jordi té una Edimax 7115-U

• En Bulma recomana Conceptronic.
  Ep : a BCN es troba a Pricoinsa & JUMP (IE only) [Rda Sn Antoni, 38] & FNAC
  La Conceptronic PCI C11iDT porta una antena exterior !

• A Seattle recomanen Lucent Silver/Gold (Hermes chipset)
  On the Prism chipset, ther's a lot of manufacturers.

• Araceli has a Conceptronic Wireless 54Mbps adaptador USB

• SAG has a wifi card !

• A wifi dongle is a common name for a wireless USB adapter, which is the same thing as a WiFi card except it uses a USB interface instead of PCI or PCIe.

• Monitor mode is one of the six modes that 802.11 wireless cards can operate in:
  • Master (acting as an access point),
  • Managed (client, also known as station),
  • Ad-hoc,
  • Mesh,
  • Repeater,
  • and Monitor mode

  Mes detall {wireless.kernel.org}

• Library : Transmit power = 15 dBm, Receive sensitivity = -80 dBm.

• datasheet or PDF

• Torrelles :
  2 WS s'han conectat quan hem posat "AdHoc" + (E)SSID

• W2K :
  • Install under W2k :
    do not plug the USB adapter until the Application setup has been completed
    To install the drivers and the "Configuration & Monitor utility", run setup.exe from the CD.
  • Uninstall under W2k :
    • to remove the "Monitor & Configuration utility", select "Uninstall Configuration & Monitor utility" option (Start -> Programs -> Amter 802.11 Wireless LAN). It is recommended to stop the USB adapter and "Exit" the application !
    • to uninstall the USB adapter, select it in the Device Manager, and press "Uninstall" - can be performed only if the USB adapter is plugged in

• Linux + USB : Atmel AT76C503 based wireless USB devices. VID=0x03EB, PID=0x7603, MAC=AT6C503A, Radio=RFMD (not Intersil).
  Another similar (identical) place
  How to build and install the GPL drivers.
  Another HowTo.
  SuSE 8.0 (and more) specifics (config).

• SSID (default) := USR9106

• U := admin, K := admin.

• MAC @ := 00.C0.49.D3.7C.9C

• IP := 81.61.108.253 [12/01/2005]
  • http://www.ipchicken.com/
  • http://www.whatismyip.com/, what is my User Agent
  • http://checkip.dyndns.org/
  • https://usuaris.tinet.cat/sag/js.shtml

9106 Specifications [url]

    * Network address translation (NAT)
    * Integrated 802.11g (54Mbps) wireless access point
          o 54Mbps data rate with auto fallback
          o 2 x detachable 2 dBi reverse SMA antennas
          o Support for WEP and WPA-PSK
          o Mac address filtering
          o Disable SSID
    * Integrated ADSL modem - 1 x RJ11 connection - velocitat ?
    * 4 x 10/100Base-T auto MDI-MDIX RJ45 switched LAN ports
    * Built-in firewall with stateful packet inspection (SPI)
    * Integrated DHCP server
    * Virtual private network (VPN) pass-through
    * UPnP enabled
    * DMZ hosting and port forwarding
    * Web-based & remote configuration
    * 2 year manufacturer warranty
 

Homepage

 El modelo del ADSL Wireless Gateway
 Model 9106 ¢ USR209106
 SN:1DAH2A3D0439

5813 foto, manual [default 192.168.1.1, "1234"]

Portal Alejandra - configuración de routers

• open browser with http://192.168.1.1/password.cgi
• right-click on any empty space of page
• select "see page source code"
• we shall see a sentence like pwdAdmin = 'claveAdmin';

“Wireless -> Advanced“, cambiamos :

• "Bandwidth" lo ponemos en “40MHz in both Bands“
• “Xpress Technology” lo cambiamos a “Enabled“

url

El Echo Life HG8240 es un terminal de red óptica (ONT) para interiores de la solución FTTH Huawei. Con el uso de la tecnología GPON, ofrece acceso de banda ultra-ancha para usuarios residenciales y pequeñas empresas. Proporciona dos puertos POTS y cuatro puertos Ethernet GE/FE de adaptación automática.

Homepage

Default values :

• SSID = belkin918
• pwd = ywy78w7y {see bottom label}
• security type = WPA/WPA2

Top

Display what driver am i using :

Another path :

Chipset & driver by fabricante : url

Mine : URL

Norma = 802.11g, ID del producto = CN-WF511, Interface = PCI, Chipset = Ralink (chip RT2560F), Driver = rt2x00, Trabaja con Linux = verde.

Comentarios - driver available from manufacturer: http://web.ralinktech.com/ralink/Home/Support/Linux.html
=> http://rt2400.sourceforge.net/
=> http://rt2x00.serialmonkey.com, or http://sourceforge.net/projects/rt2400.

3 fotos :

• 1
• 2
• 3

Ubuntu lspci says : Intel Corp. PRO/Wireless 2200 BG (rev 05)
So, it is a IPW2200 BG card

Norma = 802.11g, ID del producto = 2200BG, Vendedor y código del producto = man:8086 dev:4220, Interface = mini-PCI, Chipset = IPW2200, Driver = ipw2200, Trabaja con Linux = verde
Comentarios : http://ipw2200.sourceforge.net/

[t42:\Fonts\WireLess\Drivers\T42]

XP says : Intel(R) WiFi Link 5100 AGN ; mac = 00:22:FA:D1:5A:90 ; driver = NETw5x32.sys ;

XP says : "Cisco Systems 350 Series PCMCIA Wireless Adapter : driver = pcx500.sys ;
soft, download.

Play N600 USB Wireless N Dual Band.

Help (Spain) : 902.02 43 66

ISO (146 MB)

Top

• Free Networks

• dB = 10 * log(a/b) ; 'a' and 'b' is power in mW

• dBm = 10 * log(P) ; for dBm, 'b' is 1 mW.

• a dBm is power level referenced to 1 milliwat => 0dBm = 1 mW.

• 1 W => 10 log 1000 mW / 1 mW = 10 log 1000 = 10 * 3 = +30 dBm

• 100 mW = +20 dBm

• 10 mW = +10 dBm

• doubling the power increases the reading by slightly more than 3 decibels, actually close to 3.010299 dB : 10 * log(base 10) 2 = 3,01029995664

• 3 dBm + 3 dB = 6 dBm ( 2 mW * 2 = 4 mW )

• 3 dBm - 3 dBm = 0 dB ( 2 mW / 2 mW = 1 )

• mW to dBm

• dBm to mW

• wiki dBm

 Loss = 32 + 20 x Log ( F x D ) 
  where
 Loss = free space path loss in dB
 F = operating frequency in Mhz
 D = distance in Km
 Include a fade margin of about 10 dB ...

So for a simple example, how far can a pair of Wavelan cards get with the little supplied patch antennas of 8 dbi ? The answer is :

 Tx power = + 20 dbm
 Combined antenna gains = 16 ( 8 + 8 )
 Rx sensitivity = -74 dbm
 Total link budget = 20 + 16 - ( -74 ) = 110 db
 Max distance = 4 km aprox

 loss = 32 + 20 x log (2450 x 4) = 111.

 With 10 dB margin we have :

    100 dB > 32 + 20 x log ( 2450 x d )
     68/20 > log ( 2450 x d )
     10 exp (68/20) / 2450 > d
     d < 1,025 Km

Bluetooth uses 1 mW to reach 10 m [verify]

• Wlan Primer and FAQs :

  Every device (wireless card) in an 802.11 network is known as a station (abbreviated STA). A collection of stations that communicate with each other is known as a Basic Service Set (BSS), which covers a certian Basic Service Area (BSA). Stations that are not within the BSA can't directly participate in a BSS with each other.
  When stations are participating in a BSS, they share a common set of network parameters. They all transmit/receive on the same channel, they understand the same data rates, they use a common BSSID, and they are synchronized to the same timer. In a BSS, all of those parameters are broadcast in beacon frames that are sent at a regular interval.
  Two BSS's could coincidentally share the same channel, common data rates, and timer, so some unique identifier is necessary. That unique identifier is a 6-byte number that identifies the BSS (the BSSID). Packets in a BSS, in addition to being addressed from one station to another, also include the BSSID.
  There are two kinds of BSS's: the independent BSS (IBSS) and the infrastructure BSS.
  An IBSS is usually an ad-hoc network, and they're meant for peer-to-peer networking. An IBSS resembles a bunch of computers on the same Ethernet segment--they can all hear each other, and packets are sent directly to the recipient. In an IBSS, all of the stations are responsible for sending beacons, and the BSSID is randomly generated.
  In an infrastructure BSS, there is exactly one access point (AP). When one station wishes to send data to another station, the packet is sent first to the AP, and then the AP delivers the packet. The BSSID of an infrastructure BSS is the MAC address of the AP's station interface, and the AP is the only station that sends out beacons. The AP is sometimes known as the BSS master, and the other stations are BSS clients.
  802.11 networks grow by combining infrastructure BSS's into larger Extended Service Sets (ESS's), which cover Extended Service Areas (ESA's). In order for stations in one BSS to talk to stations in other BSS's, the stations must take advantage of distribution system services (DSS). The distribution system (DS) is the magical thing that connects BSS's into one ESS, and it's defined by the services that AP's connected to the DS provide.

• SSID = Service Set Identifier.

  32-byte string that identifies an IBSS or an ESS (or a single infrastructure BSS). It's often called the network name or ESSID. The SSID is a unique ID given to the Access Point.
  Wireless clients associating to any Access Point must have the same SSID. Alternatively, "ANY" (all characters in upper case) may be used.
  BSSID - basestation ID. (Access Point MAC address)

• Infrastructure = with Access Point, AdHoc = without Access Point.

  In Ad-Hoc mode : Ad-Hoc network is a group of computers, each with a WLAN adapter, connected as an independent wireless LAN. All stations in the WLAN should set the same ESSID and operation channel. Each node (station) acts as a router for the other nodes. See Snoop

  In Infrastructure mode : an integrated wireless and wired LAN is called an Infrastructure configuration. Set the ESSID to be the same with the AP you associate to.

• RTS threshold - mechanism implemented to prevent the hidden node problem.
  A packet size is specified, and the RTS/CTS mechanism will be activated if the packet size exceeds the specified value.

• pigtail - cable (corto, flexible) que tiene en un extremo un conector N para enroscar la antena, y en el otro extremo un conector específico que se acoplará en nuestro hardware wireless. Few pictures

Top

Resum :

• view wireless network profiles saved on your PC : netsh wlan show profiles
• recover network security key from any wireless profile stored on your PC : netsh wlan show profile name="Profile_Name" key=clear
• view wireless adapter driver information : Netsh WLAN show drivers
• view all supported wireless adapter capabilities: Netsh WLAN show wirelesscapabilities
• view wireless adapter settings : netsh wlan show interfaces
• stop connecting automatically to a wireless network out of range : Netsh WLAN set profileparameter name="Profile_Name" connectionmode=manual
• delete wireless network profiles stored on your PC : Netsh WLAN delete profile name="Profile_Name"
• export all wireless network profiles : Netsh WLAN export profile key=clear folder="Folder_Path"
• import wireless network profiles : Netsh WLAN add profile filename="File_Path.XML"
• generate wireless adapter report : Netsh WLAN show WLANreport
  This command will generate a report in the following path: C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\WLANReport\WLAN-report-latest.html
• wrapping things up with Netsh WLAN : use "Netsh WLAN" command to explore other available commands.

url

To display the wifi networks around, we can use :

• iw :
  $ sudo iw wlan0 scan | grep ESSID

• iwlist :
  nicolau@mars:~$ sudo iwlist wlx1cbfcee61e65 scan | grep ESSID ESSID:"convidatsSAG" ESSID:"MiFibra-467E" ESSID:"aa22" ESSID:"MiFibra-467R" ESSID:"" ESSID:"WifiLluis2" ESSID:"WifiLluis" ESSID:"aa55" ESSID:"aa22" ESSID:"" ESSID:"MiFibra-467E"

• nmcli :
  nicolau@mars:~$ nmcli r WIFI-HW WIFI WWAN-HW WWAN enabled enabled enabled enabled nicolau@mars:~$ sudo nmcli device wifi rescan nicolau@mars:~$ nmcli device wifi list IN-USE SSID MODE CHAN RATE SIGNAL BARS SECURITY MiFibra-467E Infra 1 130 Mbit/s 79 ▂▄▆_ WPA2 MiFibra-467E Infra 100 540 Mbit/s 74 ▂▄▆_ WPA2 -- Infra 100 540 Mbit/s 74 ▂▄▆_ WPA2 aa22 Infra 56 540 Mbit/s 64 ▂▄▆_ WPA2 aa55 Infra 56 540 Mbit/s 60 ▂▄▆_ WPA2 * convidatsSAG Infra 1 130 Mbit/s 56 ▂▄▆_ WPA2 aa22 Infra 1 130 Mbit/s 55 ▂▄__ WPA2 -- Infra 1 130 Mbit/s 50 ▂▄__ WPA2 WifiLluis Infra 36 540 Mbit/s 50 ▂▄__ WPA2 WifiLluis2 Infra 4 130 Mbit/s 44 ▂▄__ WPA2 MiFibra-467R Infra 1 130 Mbit/s 42 ▂▄__ WPA2 VodafoneD60E Infra 10 130 Mbit/s 30 ▂___ WPA2

• ip :
  ip link set dev <interface> up ; set link up ip link set dev <interface> down ; set link down ip link ; check your available interfaces ip addr show ; show the ip addresses assigned to your interfaces ip addr show scope global | grep inet ; ... more specifically

No entenc com "a22" apareix en les dues bandes ...

See Sniffer 4.6 [12 dolars]
AirMagnet Duo complementing Sniffer Wireless article
And Snort for W2K

kismet - a wireless scanner (requires driver in promiscous mode) Kismet is an 802.11 layer2 wireless network detector, sniffer, and intrusion detection system.

Windows ones :

• SpyNet sniffer : CaptureNet v3.12 + PeepNet => "Iris" Network Traffic Analyzer
• CommView v2.0 sniffer

Read about Anti-Sniff. Also about packets and protocols ! Even points to GG243376 !

In Win2000Mag also ! [NT only !]

 AntiSniff exploits the method NT uses to handle packets by sending a packet to the system
 using an Ethernet address of FF:00:00:00:00:00
 and the IP destination address of the system you want to check.
 When a network card is operating in promiscuous mode in NT,
 it will respond to the packet that AntiSniff has sent,
 revealing that a packet sniffer might be active on the system.

 For its DNS tests, AntiSniff puts itself in promiscuous mode
 and sends a packet out on the network using a predetermined IP address
 in the packet header. If a packet sniffer is listening on the network
 and configured_as some are_to perform reverse
 DNS lookups for the packets it captures, then the system running the
 packet sniffer will transmit a reverse DNS lookup request for the IP
 address in the packet AntiSniff sent.
 The product captures that particular action (the reverse DNS lookup),
 tricking the packet sniffer into revealing itself on the network.

Other network analyzers :

• wlandump
• ethereal - free network protocol analyzer for Unix and Windows {gone}
• best analyzers list
• Smoke Ping {gracies, Mate !} - best of breed latency visualisation

War driving : MacStumbler (Airport wireless cards only)

Read about WEP

• Wireless tools for Linux

• Top 125 network security tools

• WirelessLinuxTools

• list of sniffers : http://www.packetattack.com/wireless.html - and more ! [*****]

• 20 tools (2019)

• wifi manager - Kostya Vasilyev
• wifi analyzer apk

When you're connected to a network HUB via a CAT5 cable, a network interface in promiscuous mode can see ALL the packets echoed by the HUB, not just the packets addressed to that NIC's IP address.

However, when you're "connected" wirelessly (wlan0) each device (laptop, cellphone) has its own radio connection with the wireless AP. The wireless AP doesn't echo (retransmit) other peoples data on your channel.

If your wireless device is capable of "monitor mode" (so it will receive packets on all wireless channels), you could use airmon-ng to set it.

url, airmon-ng

How to know my eth0 interface is in "promiscous mode" ?
Read xarxes.htm

Compte : monitor mode

MARS :

From remote-exploit

BackTrack is the result of the merging of the two innovative penetration testing live Linux distributions

• Auditor security collection and
• Whax

See also WifiSlax (v 3.1, 683 MB, at 2007/12 has kernel 2.6.21.5, meaning no "iwlagn" for T400), KisMet, Stumbler (guindous). Nice Blog.

2017 - now it is Kali

wikipedia

Kernel := 2.6.6 ! [10/01/2005]
MacChanger :

     -s eth0 => 00.02.8A.3C.31.4F
     -s eth1 => 00.09.6B.86.5C.57
     -m => provide New AA.BB.CC.DD.EE.FF

Auditor-200605-02 : !IMPORTANT!!
This version has two different ISO versions, becasue the Intel B and the Intel B/G card drivers IPW2100 and IPW2200 does not work well in cooperation. While B cards does not seem to have a problem, systems with B/G cards (ipw2200) seemed to hang during boot. To overcome this problem (until the drivers are fixed) we release two iso's of the CD to support your needs. If you want to be able to use Auditor Security Collection on a system with an IPW2200 card you need to download the "-no-ipw2100" version of the iso otherwise it will not boot. A system with B card based on IPW2100 will work with it, but no driver will be loaded for the B only card. If you never run it on a System with IPW2200 take the "ipw2100" version, the ipw2100 driver is included in this version.

List of tools.
Device list
Tutorials

Homepage : http://www.backtrack-linux.org/, but drac is from Legacy Filmworks ! (2014) -> Kali

To start BT4 :

• network : /etc/init.d/networking start ;
• KDE : startx ;
• FVWM : bt4-crystal ;

Les utilitats que hi ha al BT4 son :

To display card manufacturer to Linux driver compliance : http://linux-wless.passys.nl/.
How to display vendor & product code :

BCM page has move to b43 driver page.

When booting BT4, I find

Al log trobo :

El nostre device és wlan0 :

El configurem :

Anem per feina :

BT forums.

• boot CD

• login as "root" / "toor"

• either :
  • "startx" = engegar entorn Xwindow
  • "xconf" = configurar tarja gràfica
  • "ifconfig eth0 up" = engegar xarxa local
  • "pump" / "dhclient" = get an IP from the DHCP server
  • si hi ha problemes, mirar /var/log/messages o /var/log/syslog

• Airis P4 : Canyon CN-WF511 Ralink RT2500 Wireless LAN Card => RT2500 chipset Driver URL ; card description ; driver download {win} ; T42:\Fonts\WireLess\Drivers\P4_Airis\rt2500-1.0.0.tar.gz

• T42 : Intel Corp. PRO/Wireless 2200 BG (rev 05)

• ataque fragmentación / get PRGA - sample.
  • configurar wireless :
    iwconfig ra0 rate 1M channel 6 mode monitor
  • start airodump :
    airodump-ng --ivs -w clave -c 6 ra0

LEAP is ...

Asleap is ... - Automated LEAP attack tool. Another tool : LEAP cracker.

few links : Flim; VT - blog.

Top

Su Movistar Internet incluye:

• 936 398 522 - Fijo Fusión - Llamadas a fijos ilimitadas, ámbito nacional
• Llamadas a móviles:
  • 500 min/mes sábado y domingo
  • 50 min/mes de lunes a domingo
• 638 015 371 - Fusión Contigo
• Fibra 300 Mb simétricos

Preu : 33,8843 €/mes - 11,6500 € (promoción Movistar Internet, durante 12 meses)

Router "equipo para acceso fibra óptica GPT-2541 GNAC 00412926". És un "Mitrastar". Cifrado : WPA2-PSK. Encriptación : AES.
Max clients per xarxa = 64

W500 can connect to MOVISTAR_PLUS_BCD1 at 5 GHz.

SpeedTest o WhatIsMyIP o IPinfo diu :

• http://192.168.1.1 - local
• Alejandra - remot
• http://www.movistar.es/configuramirouter
• accés des l'exterior : ports

Con el router encendido, presionar el botón Reset (último a la derecha por detrás) durante al menos 10 segundos. Transcurridos 90 segundos, el router tendrá los valores de fábrica de nuevo.

Top

Per veure els missatge intercanviats entre TV i mobil ...

Esto se conoce como registro de depuración de Bluetooth.
Si tu TV utiliza el sistema operativo Android TV, existe una forma de acceder a este tipo de información. Este proceso implica activar el "Modo de desarrollador" y luego la opción de registro de Bluetooth.

• * Activa el Modo de Desarrollador:
  • Ve a Ajustes en tu TV.
  • Busca la sección Acerca del dispositivo (o similar).
  • Encuentra la opción "Número de compilación" y pulsa varias veces sobre ella con el mando a distancia hasta que aparezca el mensaje "Ahora eres un desarrollador".
• * Habilita el registro de Bluetooth HCI Snoop:
  • Vuelve al menú de Ajustes.
  • Ahora verás una nueva opción llamada Opciones para desarrolladores (o similar).
  • Dentro de este menú, busca y activa la opción "Habilitar registro de búsqueda de la interfaz de controlador de host (HCI) de Bluetooth".

A Bluetooth scanner for Linux is a tool that detects and analyzes Bluetooth devices in the vicinity.

Popular options include

• Bluelog - logs discoverable devices, tells you how many discoverable devices there are in an area
• Btlejack - security tool that provides all options to sniff, jam, and hijack Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) devices.

2.462.000 KHz = 2.462 MHz = 2,462 GHz

wiki wifi

A Bluetooth device playing the role of the "master" can communicate with up to 7 devices playing the role of the "slave". This network of "group of up to 8 devices" (1 master + 7 slaves) is called a piconet.
Every device has a unique 48-bit address. Every device also has a 24-bit class identifier.

The protocol operates in the license-free ISM band at 2,45 GHz. In order to avoid interfering with other protocols which use the 2,45 GHz band, the Bluetooth protocol divides the band into 79 channels (each 1 MHz wide) and changes channels up to 1600 times per second. Implementations with versions 1.1 and 1.2 reach speeds of 723.1 kbit/s. Version 2.0 implementations feature Bluetooth Enhanced Data Rate (EDR), and thus reach 2.1 Mbit/s.
Technically version 2.0 devices have a higher power consumption, but the three times faster rate reduces the transmission times, effectively reducing consumption to half that of 1.x devices (assuming equal traffic load).

wiki

One of the ways Bluetooth devices avoid interfering with other systems is by sending out very weak signals of about 1 milliwatt ...
Bluetooth can connect up to eight devices simultaneously ...
Bluetooth uses a technique called spread-spectrum frequency hopping that makes it rare for more than one device to be transmitting on the same frequency at the same time. In this technique, a device will use 79 individual, randomly chosen frequencies within a designated range, changing from one to another on a regular basis. In the case of Bluetooth, the transmitters change frequencies 1,600 times every second, meaning that more devices can make full use of a limited slice of the radio spectrum. Since every Bluetooth transmitter uses spread-spectrum transmitting automatically, it's unlikely that two transmitters will be on the same frequency at the same time. This same technique minimizes the risk that portable phones or baby monitors will disrupt Bluetooth devices, since any interference on a particular frequency will last only a tiny fraction of a second.
When Bluetooth-capable devices come within range of one another, an conversation takes place to determine whether they have data to share or whether one needs to control the other. Once the conversation has occurred, the devices form a network. Bluetooth systems create a personal-area network (PAN), or piconet, that may fill a room or may encompass no more distance than that between the cell phone on a belt-clip and the headset on your head. Once a piconet is established, the members randomly hop frequencies in unison so they stay in touch with one another and avoid other piconets that may be operating in the same room.

How stuff works

Wifi provides higher throughput and covers greater distances but requires more expensive hardware and higher power consumption. They use the same frequency range, but employ different multiplexing schemes.

While Bluetooth is a cable replacement for a variety of applications, Wi-Fi is a cable replacement only for local area network access.

A glib summary is that Bluetooth is wireless USB, whereas Wi-Fi is wireless Ethernet, both operating at much lower bandwidth than the cable systems they are trying to replace.

In Bluetooth modulation technique is GFSK (Gaussian frequency shift keying).
In WiFi modulation technique is OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).

geeks

• Bluetooth wireless technology
• Tech, resources for developers
• WiKi
• 11 tools

Read Link Sys

Differences :

• HAL : EAP
• TMB : WPA + EAP + TKIP
• SAG : WPA + PSK + TKIP
• Belkin : WPA2 + PSK + CCMP / AES

See BT4 and wiki.

• CCMP - Counter Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol - enhanced data cryptographic encapsulation mechanism
• EAP - Extensible Authentication Protocol - EAP is an authentication framework providing for the transport and usage of keying material and parameters generated by EAP methods.
• PSK = Pre Shared Key
  WPA-PSK or WPA-Personal : designed for home and small office networks and doesn't require an authentication server.
• TKIP - - Temporary Key Integrity Protocol - security protocol designed to replace WEP without requiring the replacement of legacy hardware.
• WPA - Wifi Protected Access - security protocols and security certification programs to secure wireless computer networks.
• WPA 2 - replaced WPA, includes CCMP.

802.1x, EAP.

Top

Recorda el my fwd ports at duckdns !!!

Al ZTE de Masmovil, es poden veure les IPs assignades per DHCP mitjançant "Local Network" + "LAN" + "IPv4"

Per saber la MAC de una IP, engeguem un "ping" a la IP i fem :

Exemple :

Per saber la IP de una MAC, fem :

1. engeguem ping a tothom :

   • guindous :
     for /l %i in (1,1,254) do ping -n 1 -w 1 192.168.1.%i for IP in 192.168.1.{1..10}; do if ping $IP -c 1 > /dev/null; then echo $IP alive; else echo $IP dead; fi; done

   • linux :
     $ sudo nmap -sP 192.168.1.0-255 $ echo 192.168.1.{1..254} | xargs -n1 -P0 ping -c1 | grep "bytes from"

2. mirem la cache del ARP :
   nicolau@mars:~$ arp -a {[ether] on wlx984827ca1628} _gateway (192.168.1.1) at b0:8b:92:f9:dc:3c tvsamsung (192.168.1.41) at 14:bb:6e:31:93:20 r3 (192.168.1.123) at b8:27:eb:12:c7:01 sb50 (192.168.1.128) at e0:98:06:b5:a3:fd sp21 (192.168.1.129) at b4:e6:2d:74:d5:57 ? (192.168.1.130) at a2:7c:11:b5:00:c4 ta8 (192.168.1.131) at 2a:d8:64:a8:76:91 mi9 (192.168.1.132) at a8:9c:ed:ba:06:44 t440 (192.168.1.133) at 7c:7a:91:8c:ce:d6 alexa (192.168.1.136) at 14:0a:c5:8c:dd:1e SmartSwitch (192.168.1.141) at 84:E3:42:0D:06:11 new Bulb A60 (192.168.1.145) at a8:80:55:2d:21:4d {20230808} r4 (192.168.1.200) at dc:a6:32:7f:45:80 r0 (192.168.1.222) at b8:27:eb:98:7c:9b fronius (192.168.1.229) at 6c:1d:eb:f7:fa:a5

   I una MAC en especial :

   arp -a | find "xx-xx-xx-xx-xx-xx"

Compte que el MARS no estigui a la xarxa de 5 GHz i el termometre o el Fronius a la de 2,4 GHz ...

{202112} Un resum de les MACs és : {go to ZTE "Local Network", LAN = DHCP or "Status"}

Find MAC vendor

La MAC del MARS es la de la antena wifi, es a dir, pot canviar si canvio de antena !

Also, mind MARS "/etc/hosts" file :

La xarxa global (amb tendencia a anar tots a "a22") es :

(*) MARS, SP21, Mi9 and S7 can switch between wifi's without problem !

{1} display Alexa MAC using Android App, clicking on "Echo" and "About" at bottom.

display MAC of an IP running

gas2 20201206 :

map my ports

Try MAC to fabricant maping or mac vendors

• Authentication : 802.1x
• Key Management Protocol : WPA-PSK

To improve the user experience, when the SmartWiFi functionality is Enabled, the 2.4GHz SSID and Password are automatically set equal to your 5GHz WiFi. If you want to configure separate 2.4GHz & 5GHz WiFi networks, you must disable SmartWiFi first

SmartWiFi Enable : On Off

Es troba a

• ZTE -> Local Network
• WLAN
• WLAN Basic -> SmatWifi

• seguridad : WPA2 (AES)
• cifrado : WPA2-PSK
• encriptacion : AES

Con esta opción activada los dispositivos conectados por WiFi al router cambian de forma automática de la banda de 2.4 GHz a la de 5 GHz dependiendo de que red WiFi tenga mejor señal y velocidad en ese momento.

comunidad Movistar

Para utilizar band steering no hace falta que el cliente tenga ningún requisito especial, solo que tenga doble banda wifi.
Cuando éste quiere conectarse a una red wifi lanza al aire paquetes probe request en cada banda esperando que las wifis próximas respondan con un probe response para elegir a continuación una red y autentificarse.
El router con band steering aprovecha esta situación para responder solo en la banda en la que le interesa conectar al cliente e ignorándolo en la otra.

To disable it :

1. entra en el router 192.168.1.1
2. configuracion avanzada
3. wireless -- 5 GHz Basic
4. find "Guest/Virtual Access Points"
5. desmarcar el check en la SSID de 5 GHz que tiene el mismo nombre de la de 2,4 GHz
6. pulsar en Apply/Save
7. reiniciar el router

Top

ONO Netgear CG 3100 D - UG

Netgear manual del usuario

Time Capsule model A1409, setup guide

El "airport -s" detecta :

[p]

Top

xarxa

Top

If you have multiple wifi networks available, Windows will try to connect to them in the order specified by

Control Panel -> Network and Internet -> Manage Wireless Networks

Right-click on any item and select "Move Up" or "Move Down" from the menu.

In Raspbian we find :

• iw {molt molt potent}
• iwconfig
• iwevent
• iwgetid
• iwlist
• iwpriv
• iwspy

• ASUS Zen Wifi AXT-8 , Pedro, 20201030

Top

Homepage, 2 :

The European Commission wishes to promote free Wi-Fi connectivity for citizens and visitors in public spaces such as parks, squares, public building, libraries, health centres, and museums everywhere in Europe through WiFi4EU.

The budget of the WiFi4EU scheme is EUR 120 million between 2018 and 2020. It will support the installation of state-of-the-art Wi-Fi equipment in the centres of community life.

acm.cat : 20181213 - s'han publicat els ajuntaments que es beneficiaran de les subvencions WiFi4EU per instal·lar punts d’accés wifi gratuïts en espais públics.

gencat.cat : 42 milions de eurus
Els municipis guanyadors ja estan convidats a signar en el portal WiFi4EU un acord de subvenció amb INEA.
Una vegada signats aquests acords, els municipis podran contactar una empresa perquè els instal·li els punts d’accés wifi en espais públics.

diba - s’han concedit 2.800 bonus de 15.000€ per a instal·lar WIFI als municipis europeus beneficiaris de l’ajut.

• portal identificacio de usuaris
• caudal màxim de 256 Kbps
• alta de operador o subcontractar operador

Sou un dels municipis subvencionats i esteu en el procés d'estudiar la vostra proposta de cara als ciutadans. Aquí teniu alguns dels detalls tècnics que heu de complir:

Punts d'accés mínims (depenent de la quantitat de punts d'accés exteriors i interiors)

• PA ext 10, PA int 0
• PA ext 9, PA int 2
• PA ext 8, PA int 3
• PA ext 7, PA int 5
• PA ext 6, PA int 6
• PA ext 5, PA int 8
• PA ext 4, PA int 9
• PA ext 3, PA int 11
• PA ext 2, PA int 12
• PA ext 1, PA int 14
• PA ext 0, PA int 15

Requisits que s'ha de garantir que compleixen els punts d'accés:

• Conformitat amb 802.11ac Wave I
• Compatibilitat amb 802.1x
• Possibilitat de ser utilitzats per 50 usuaris simultanis sense perdre rendiment
• Un mínim de 2x2 MIMO (entrada múltiple i sortida múltiple)
• Compatibilitat amb Hotspot 2.0 (programa de certificació de la Passpoint Wi-Fi Alliance).
• Han d'oferir una velocitat igual o superior a 30Mbps

Guanyadors

2020/Febrer : s'instalen 8 punts wifi :

• plaça del Ajuntament
• plaça Sant Marti
• CEM Can Roig
• CEM Can Coll
• casal de joves
• parc de Can Sostres
• Can Pinyons
• escola Can Coll i Institut

Cambium Networks P500, Gigabit IP67 802.11ac Outdoor Wi-Fi Access Point

Model hvin-c000100p500a

Part pl-e500intra-rw

500 €

Specs

FREQUENCY BANDS 2.4 GHz: 2.4 – 2.4835 GHz Channels 1 – 13 (ETSI/CE), Channels 1 – 11 (US) 5 GHz: 5.15 – 5.85 GHz
SSID SECURITY 16
MAX CONCURRENT CLIENTS 256
MAX RANGE Client: 213 m (700 Ft); Range will vary based on RF conditions & client capability. Mesh: 2.4 GHz: 3,000 m (9840 Ft.) 5 GHz: 1,500 m (4,900 Ft.)

• Controller modes
  • Autonomous Controller-less operations (E.g.: roaming)
  • Cloud Managed
  • On-premise virtualized controller
• Captive Portal
  • cnMaestro Controller
  • Stand-alone AP based
  • Redirection to external RADIUS
  • Server DNS logging
• Authentication
  • RADIUS based 802.1x including EAP-SIM/AKA, EAP-PEAP, EAP-TTLS, and EAP-TLS MAC authentication (local database or External RADIUS server)
• Tools
  • Packet capture
  • IP connectivity
  • Wi-Fi analyzer
  • Sniffer
  • Auto logging
  • Open source ZapD compliant performance test tool

IEEE 802.11 - specifies the set of medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) protocols for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication.

OFDM

1. a la antena NanoBean / LiteBean M5, fem un escaneig de les xarxes envoltants
2. trobem la que ens interessa i la seleccionem
3. posem la PSK (Pre Shared Key) i estem conectats

Dual-band WiFi Repeater/Extender with a maximum data transfer rate of 1200 Mbps (300 Mbps on 2.4 GHz and 867 Mbps on 5 GHz)
IP 192.168.10.1, password "admin"
P/N IJ-WH1200-WHT, codi 357763

Dispone de tres modos de uso:

• modo AP para compartir red inalámbrica
• modo Repetidor para ampliar la cobertura WiFi
• modo Enrutador para crear una red inalámbrica

The InnJoo IJ-WH1200-WHT wireless repeater supports three main configuration modes, designed to suit different network needs:

• Access Point (AP) mode
  Turns the device into a wireless access point.
  You connect it via Ethernet to your main router or modem, and it creates a new WiFi network for other devices to connect to.

• Router mode
  Converts a wired internet connection into a wireless one.
  Ideal for creating a fresh WiFi network in places with only a cable/DSL connection.

• Repeater mode (Range Extender)
  Extends the coverage area of an existing WiFi network.
  It receives the Wi-Fi signal from your main router and rebroadcasts it, helping eliminate Wi-Fi dead zones.

What's the difference between "AP mode" and "router mode" ?
(?) AP has no DHCP neither NAT, no routing (?)

What's the difference between "AP mode" and "repeater mode" ?
(DeepSeek) AP requires a wired connection, same SSID

To configure your InnJoo IJ-WH1200-WHT repeater to expand your WiFi network without creating a new IP range, you need to:

• set it in Repeater mode
• disable DHCP on the repeater
• (recommended) assign it a static IP in your router's range

This keeps all devices on the same local network, avoids double NAT, etc

It is a RTL88x2BU driver issue

Solucio : lock your WiFi connection profile to the BSSID of your access point - url

1. display own MAC :
   nicolau@mars:~$ ifconfig wlx984827ca1628: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 192.168.1.134 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255 inet6 fe80::d7fc:a7a0:c6ed:a9a5 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link> ether 98:48:27:ca:16:28 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)

2. find the MAC of the best/chosen AP :
   nicolau@mars:~$ iwconfig wlx984827ca1628 IEEE 802.11AC ESSID:"b22" Nickname:"<WIFI@REALTEK>" Mode:Managed Frequency:5.26 GHz Access Point: E6:5B:3B:0E:F2:DE

3. edit your connection using nm-connection-editor command and set BSSID - pcworld (as set DNS)

Top

• Ciutats inalàmbriques : Barcelona (gone), Barcelona (guifi.net), Madrid (docs, links to all Spain), Zaragoza, Bilbao, Valencia, Sevilla, Mataró (downloads), Baleares, Tordera, ...
• NodeDB BCN
• Altres ciutats inalàmbriques : Vilafranca, Olot,
• Kornellà
• USA : Pittsburgh, London (Ontario), ...
  Grecia : Atenes, ...
• Directori internacional
• Get Started at Seattle
• HOWTO inalámbrico Red Libre , varios formatos
• Taller de antenes
• Canberra copy
• Andrew Clapp's terrific original design, lots of pics
• Rob Flickenger's Pringles Yagi
  Omni : Trevor Marshall.
  Direccional : BackFire.
• SF : lots of help
• Default Settings list
• Seattle : FAQ's, NewbieZone, Yagi and a micro Uda Yagi
• Boston : Wifi antennas
• Construcción de una antena omnidireccional de 5 dBi
• 2.4 GHz Colliner antena design
• HW testejat.
• Research Group GAIPS (Valencia), amb detalls tècnics, i parabolica amb iluminador biquad, "no Pringles, but" bocinas o guias ranuradas
• The 802.11 planet
• Enciclopedia
• Metrópolis Ronja (Praga)
•  
• Teoria :
  • The WIGHZ Online Microwave Antenna Book
  • asignatura de Antenas de Telecos de UPV (Valencia)
• AirMax :

  Consiste en un diseño de vanguardia de hardware de radio, antenas MIMO de estación base de clase portadora y un potente protocolo TDMA que ofrece velocidad y escalabilidad de red sobre distancias de enlaces de 100 kilómetros. El protocolo TDMA de AirMax fue diseñado teniendo en cuenta la velocidad y la escalabilidad

  Tradicionalmente, las soluciones más económicas de radio de banda para exteriores sin licencia se han basado en el estándar 802.11 (o WiFi). Si bien estas soluciones ofrecian buenos resultados en implementaciones de pequeña escala, pierden calidad de rendimiento de manera exponencial a medida que se agregan más clientes y causan colisiones y retransmisiones. La tecnología AirMax de Ubiquiti soluciona estos problemas a través del uso de un protocolo de hardware TDMA acelerado que consiste en un coordinador de sondeo inteligente y detección nativa de paquetes VOIP. El resultado es una red que puede escalar hasta mas de 300 clientes por estación base y a la vez mantiene baja latencia, alto rendimiento y calidad de Voip sin interrupciones.

  • tecnologia Ubiquiti AirMax
  • ubnt
• Estudi intern de la ex-CTNE
• Productes RadioLink
• Botiga Estellos y MicroWifi (Madrid)
  USA : HyperTech - all kind of connectors, Fleeman & Anderson (N-connector, antennas, etc)
• Botiga EXPOCOM, Villarroel, 68 (esquina Diputacion). Tf 93 451 23 77, 08011. Amb la colaboració inestimable d'en Miquel, que diu :

   Els conectors que normalment es fan servir a frequències > 1.5GHz
   son de tipus SMA per a la sortida de la wireless-card
   i de tipus N al extrem de la antena.
  
   La tarja wireless ha de portar un conector SMA femella
   i l'antenna en principi ha de portar un conector tipus N.
  

  Pictures !

  A 10-Oct-2002, una antena de 13 elements rodomitzada de 13,8 dBi val 142 €, IVA inclòs. Gràcies, Toni !

• Bona botiga a Interné : CompraWifi : Parabólicas, kits, ...

  Jordi : PCMCIA "Senao" SL-2511 (200 mW) + antena planar "Senao" SAP-2412 (2,4 GHz, 12 dBi, N-female)

• Dec 2005 : cataleg Pricoinsa.
• HyperGain omni antena. ( 8dBi = 142 €, 15 dBi = 284 € )
• 3Com antena. ( 8dB multidireccional = 147 €, sin IVA )
• un boig que s'ho fa "on the road".
• un bareto de lo més txulo
•  
• O'Reilly :
  Home networks : Nov. 03, 2000 and Mar. 06, 2001 (software for home net) by Schuyler Erle.
  They even have a wireless devcenter. Nice set of articles.
• 3Com white papers. See "Wireless" at bottom.
• IBM wireless computing
• (Seattle) projects
• Torrelles : SAMSITPER (Abr 2010), 22K €, Guifi.Net.
• Torrelles.TV : ofereixen tarifa plana(IE only) per 19,5 € al mes. Es WiFi, amb 3 Access Points i surten amb 100 mW.
  Xavier Massana, 670.27.13.54 o 93.689.15.14
  Tenen un bon domini !
  Dijous 31/10/02 "El Periódico" deia :

  En la zona del Baix Llobregat, esta misma semana Baix Comunicació (BCom), en colaboración con Enterasys Networks, ha puesto en marcha una red inalámbrica en Torrelles de Llobregat. Con la instalación de tres puntos de acceso ha cubierto el núcleo antiguo de la población y ofrece también una tarifa plana de internet por 19,5 euros mensuales a 33 kb. La consultoría informática planea extenderse por todo el Baix Llobregat, empezando por unir poblaciones vecinas como Sant Vicenç dels Horts. "Pese a que en estas zonas el ADSL sí que llega, el 802.11b también es interesante, ya que el precio es más bajo y las redes locales permiten un contacto más directo entre cliente y proveedor, cosa que se valora mucho", dice Sergi Costa, responsable de instalación.

•   "The Wall Street JournalEurope", December 2 2002, deia :

  The technology is expected to spread across Europe folowing the easing of many of the regulatory restrictions that have held it back in the U.K. and other countries. Zamora, in the Castilla y Leon region of Spain, has 200 Wi-Fi public zones thanks to a pioneering project to give the town high-speed Internet access without digging up the historic streets. Empresa : Afitel ("20 minutos", 4/6/03)

• Building a wireless AP with Linux.
  • iwconfig
  • iwlist
  • iwspy
  • iwpriv
  LOTS of devices and drivers and links [*****]
  Cards : PrismII, Orinoco (now Proxim), Symbol, Atmel, Atheros, TI chipset.
  And +++ links ...
• Build a wireless network
• From ground up
• Bandas UHF de uso libre (Mèxic)
• Problemes de seguretat del XP
• Dlink FAQs

• Distro support
  • RedHat
    They have a HowTo
  • SuSE diuen que la 8.1 suporta USB 2.0 i Wireless LAN.
  • XipSet ?
  
  Thankx again Albert ! (pic) or (v)

• Wireless LAN/MAN modem page

• Vivato switches : 7 Km outdoors, 2 Km indoors.

• Apple te un Airport que es una passada ( 54 Mbps -802.11g- , compatible amb 802.11b) Ara se'n diu Extreme G

• wifi scanners for MAC :
  • fer servir la comanda airport :
    1. sudo ln -s /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/Apple80211.framework/Versions/Current/Resources/airport /usr/sbin/airport
    2. airport -s
  • KisMac at github - discontinued : latest version 0.3.3 released Feb 07, 2011

• Lloc maco : BeNeCe

• Proveidor nacional. Soci Vodafone.

• NetStumbler : Wifi forums, App can troubleshoot wireless woes ...
  WiFi search : NetStumbler is a tool for Windows that allows you to detect Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) using 802.11b, 802.11a and 802.11g. Awared 5 Starts by SoftPedia.
  Compatible cards list

• llegir ndiswrapper - agafa .inf de Guindous ...

• En Albert també s'hi apunta !

• Ramon Roca a TICtv {maig 2011}

• Google antenna directory

• IBM posa 2 "Aironet Cisco 1200" [21/10/2003]. See here.

• Telefónica, a El Pais, 26/Oct/2003 : Zonas y soluciones

• On T30

• La Mercè 2003 Barcelona Wifi.

• que es el wardriving ? Wardriving is the act of searching for Wi-Fi wireless networks by a person in a moving vehicle, using a portable computer or PDA.

• Flatenna - increase WiFi range

• Calculs per antenes

• Botiga Girona

• WiFi Planet - articles, productes, etc

• Benchmark (11 gateways)

• Test T42 level (intern)

• Router passwords.

• squid proxy

• Chris Paget & WHTI & RFID http://www.rfidhackers.com/

• wpa/psk, wep; rainbow tables (33 GB)

• (internal) wlan troubleshooting

• best drivers site

• inSSIDer & alternatives, as Stumbler

• ENHER : Comunicacions, Residència de Cavallers

• the future is LIFI ? demo

• wireshark : wifi, decrypt 802.11, capture setup.
  "wireless controls are not supported in this version of wireshark" Error loading table 'WEP and WPA Decryption Keys': invalid key format

  what is a nanobeam {20160220, 18,5 Mbps} ?

• Mikrotik router :
  • Assorted examples
  • Initial Configuration manuak
  • Default configuration : IP = 192.168.88.1, usr = "admin", pwd = <blank>

• dBm samples

• Tinet

• Previous page

• Back to main page

• Site map

• Escriu-me !