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Ja hem arribat al final d'aquesta "catequesi sobre l'error del déu encarnat". Podem ara (II) oferir -com conclusions- unes reflexions.
We can now attempt a more definitive answer to the questions posed in the opening chapter and offer some concluding reflections
I si vols veure tots els capítols anteriors.
(febrer 2010)
(novembre 2014)
(febrer 2015)
(març 2015)
(març 2015)
(abril 2015)
(juny 2015)
(maig 2015)
(octubre 2015)
(novembre 2015)
(desembre 2015)
(febrer 2016)
Podem ara clarificar la definició d'encarnació que va quedar oberta al principi i donar una resposta a la pregunta posada a la Introducció: ¿Què és precisament el que s'està expressant en aquestes declaracions inicials que ara ens parlen clarament de l'encarnació?
Inicialment, almenys, Crist no va ser pensat com un ésser diví que hagués pre-existit amb Déu, sinó com l'encarnació culminant (=la plena realització en el nostre món humà) del poder i del designi de Déu.
We are now in a position to clarify the definition of 'incarnation' which we left open at the beginning and to answer another of the questions posed in the Introduction: what precisely was it that was being expressed in these initial statements which now speak to us so clearly of incarnation?
Initially at least Christ was not thought of as a divine being who had pre-existed with God but as the climactic embodiment of God's power and purpose
Crist va ser identificat amb la saviesa creadora de Déu, amb el designi redemptor de Déu, amb la paraula reveladora de Déu expressada en una forma definitiva que feia de l'esdeveniment-Crist la definició normativa de la saviesa i revelació divina: l'autoexpressió més clara de Déu, l'última Paraula de Déu.
Les primerenques formulacions d'una cristologia de la Saviesa expressaven -en la seva pròpia manera- que Jesús havia revelat Déu, Déu com Pare, Déu com creador-redemptor.
Volien expressar que Crist els havia mostrar com és Déu, que l'esdeveniment-Crist definia Déu més clarament que qualsevol altra cosa mai havia fet.
Volien expressar que Jesús com el Fill de Déu revelava Déu com Pare, que Jesús com Saviesa de Déu revelava Déu com Creador-Redemptor
"Encarnació" significava inicialment que l'amor i el poder de Déu havien estat experimentat d'una manera total en i a través i com aquest home Jesús, que Crist havia estat experimentat com l'autoexpressió de Déu, i l'esdeveniment-Crist com l'efectiu i re-creador poder de Déu.
Christ was identified with God's creative wisdom, God's redemptive purpose, God's revelatory word expressed in a final way that made the Christ-event the normative definition of divine wisdom and revelation - God's clearest selfexpression, God's last Word.
What these earliest formulations of Wisdom christology were expressing in their own distinctive way is that Jesus had revealed God: God as Father, God as Creator-Redeemer
...it would have meant also that Christ showed them what God is like, the Christ-event defined God more clearly than anything else had ever done
As the Son of God he revealed God as Father who rejoices to hear believers call 'Abba' to him. As the Wisdom of God he revealed God as Creator-Redeemer, the character of God's creative power and of his creation, the character of his redemptive power and of his redemption.
'Incarnation' means initially that God's love and power had been experienced in fullest measure in, through and as this man Jesus, that Christ had been experienced as God's self-expression, the Christ-event as the effective, re-creative power of God.
En aquesta primera etapa, en què el pensament sobre Crist encara està en transició, aquestes primeres afirmacions de la cristologia de la Saviesa poden de manera apropiada ser considerades com les formulacions inicials de la doctrina del Déu encarnat.
Però parlar de mite és no comprendre el concepte jueu de la Saviesa divina: no era com un ésser diví independent de Déu, sinó que era com una personificació de l'acció divina.
El judaisme pre-cristià era ben conscient de com el seu llenguatge sobre la saviesa era utilitzat per altres, però per ells era un vigorós llenguatge imaginari i una metàfora per a descriure la immanència de Yahvé en aquest món, revelant-se en i a través de la Torà. I fou aquest llenguatge imaginari i aquesta metàfora del que es va apropiar el primer cristianisme hel·lenístic com una manera de confessar que en Crist ells havien trobat Déu, el mateix poder diví que havia creat i que ara mantenia el cosmos, el mateix propòsit redemptor que havia escollit Israel, la mateixa manifestació reveladora que havia parlat a través dels profetes i de la Torà.
Since thought was in transition at this stage there is more to be said, but we should perhaps pause at this point to draw out one corollary of relevance to the current debate. That is, that while it would be appropriate to speak of these early statements of Wisdom christology as the initial formulations of a doctrine of God incarnate, it would be inappropriate to label it as 'the myth of God incarnate'.' In the beginnings of christology we are not yet dealing with the myth of a heavenly figure who comes down from heaven to redeem men. We are confronted to be sure with the Wisdom language of pre-Christian Judaism applied to Christ, but to describe that as myth is to mziunderstand the Jewish concept of divine Wisdom as a divine being in some significant sense independent of God rather than as personification o* divine action. It is not the case that either pre-Christian Judaism or earliest Hellenistic Christianity simply appropriated current myths about the gods. Pre-Christian Judaism was evidently well enough aware of how their wisdom language was used elsewhere; but they appropriated it not as myth, rather as vigorous imagery and metaphor to describe Yahweh's immanence, Yahweh's revelation in and through the Torah. And it was this imagery and metaphor domesticated to the service of Jewish monotheism which early Hellenistic ChrisUanity toolc over as a way of confessing that in Christ they had encountered God, the same divine power that had created and now sustained the cosmos, the same redemptive concern that had chosen Israel and shaped her history, the same revelatory utterance that had spoken through prophet and Torah.
¿I, aleshores, què dir del Quart Evangeli? ¿Què dir sobre el llenguatge utilitzat per Joan sobre el Fill de l'Home i el Fill de Déu? ¿És Crist un ésser celestial distint de Déu?
D'alguna manera la cristologia joànica del Logos-Fill no era més que una elaboració de la tensió entre transcendència i immanència de Déu, tensió que sempre havia estat present en la concepció jueva de Déu.
Joan no era el primer autor jueu en combinar els conceptes de Logos i Fill i Jesús era difícilment el primer jueu en parlar de Déu com Pare.
I així podríem fins i tot parlar d'un "binitarisme jueu naixent" en la concepció jueva de Déu (el Déu llunyà, el Déu proper) i en aquest sentit la comprensió cristiana de Déu com a Pare revelant-se en Jesús només seria una extensió d'aquest "binitarisme jueu naixent".
El perill per a una fe monoteista estava en la relació personal entre el Pare i el Fill (particularment si el Fill és una persona, és Jesús): el perill seria passar del "binitarisme naixent" del judaisme monoteista a un inacceptable "diteísme" (dos déus).
La relativa popularitat del Quart Evangeli en el gnosticisme del segle II i la relativa indiferència que va trobar entre els més ortodoxos eclesiàstics d'aquell temps il·lumina una certa inquietud que la presentació de Joan va causar en el primer cristianisme.
Podem resumir la contribució de Joan als inicis de la cristologia així: Joan està lluitant amb el problema de com pensar de Déu i com pensar de Crist en relació amb Déu a la llum de l'aclariment de la natura i del caràcter de Déu que l'esdeveniment-Crist va proporcionar.
What then of the Fourth Gospel? What of the Son of Man and Son of God language used by John?
In one sense John's Logos-Son christology was only an elaboration of the tension between transcendence and immanence, between personal and impersonal which had always been present in the Jewish conception of God.
John was not the first Jewish author to combine the concepts Logos and Son, and Jesus was hardly the first Jew to speak of God as Father.
In that sense then we might even speak of a 'nascent binitarianism' in the Jewish conception of God… and in that sense Christian understanding of God as Father revealing himself in Jesus is only an extension of this 'nascent Jewish binitarianism'.
The danger for a monotheistic faith, however, lies in the personal relationship of Father and Son, particularly when the Son is the person Jesus, but John does seem to present Jesus as "a being self-consciously distinct" from his Father and to that extent is in danger of stretching the "nascent binitarianism" of Jewish monotheism into some form of unacceptable ditheism (two gods).
The relative popularity of the Fourth Gospel in second-century Gnosticism and relative disregard for it among more orthodox churchmen in the same period highlights a certain unease which John's presentation caused early christianity in this area.
In short, we can sum up John's contribution to the beginnings of christology thus: John is wrestling with the problem of how to think of God and how to think of Christ in relation to God in the light of the clarification of the nature and character of God which the Christ-event afforded.
El predomini posterior de la presentació de Joan no ha d'impedir veure la diversitat de les formulacions cristològiques, que és una característica dels escrits cristians del primer segle.
La diversitat de les formulacions cristològiques
In the NT Jesus is spoken of as being begotten or appointed Son of God at his resurrection and at Jordan, and again as being born Son of God through the creative power of the Spirit of God. He is identified as the human figure of Daniel's vision, the Son of Man in humility and suffering on earth, but now exalted and coming (again) on the clouds of heaven. He represents sinful man, Adam, in this life, and in his resurrection completes and fulfils God's plan for man, inaugurating a new (resurrected) humanity, master of all other creatures, last Adam, eldest brother in the eschatological family of God. He is the eschatological prophet in his ministry on earth, the prophet like Moses, inspired and anointed by the Spirit; but in his resurrection he is Lord of the Spirit, or at least known only in and through and as the life-giving Spirit, just as the Spirit is now for Christians known as the Spirit of Jesus. He is the Wisdom of God that created the world, the one whose life embodied in the fullest measure possible the creative power and redemptive concern of God, whose death defines in a final way the character of divine wisdom, whose risen Lordship is the eschatological fulfilment of God's interaction with the cosmos from the beginning. He is the Word of God, the climax of Yahweh's utterance through prophet and Torah, the end-time revelation of the divine mystery hidden from man since the first-time, the incarnation of God's self-expression. |
En l'intent d'avaluar aquesta diversitat de formulacions cristològiques i avaluar la seva importància per avui hem d'evitar solucions en excés simplificadores
Aquest intent harmonitzador, difícilment evident durant el primer segle, serà ja ben visible en el segon segle.
Durant el primer segle
...the several presentations of the Son of God's becoming at different stages exist alongside each other without embarrassment, and there is no sign of an attempt to merge the concept of virginal conception with that of incarnation; the talk of the Son of God being sent and the Son of Man's descending from heaven have not yet been run together in the Fourth Gospel; Adam christology and Wisdom christology are not in the end readily compatible without blurring the creator/creature distinction more than the Judaeo-Christian tradition would count acceptable; likewise the rationale of the firm distinction maintained between inspiration by the Spirit and incarnation of the Wisdom-Logos is not altogether easy to grasp, especially against the background of pre-Christian Jewish thought where Spirit, Wisdom and Logos were all more or less synonymous ways of speaking of God's outreach to man. |
En el cas de Pau, seria ignorar el fet que ell va trobar necessari parlar de Crist utilitzant diverses categories i diversos conceptes
Seria ignorar deliberadament les tensions i pressions que es van donar en la més antiga comprensió de l'esdeveniment-Crist que va forçar el pensament cristià cap a una modificació del monoteisme jueu per donar un lloc adequat a Crist
The subsequent dominance of the Johannine presentation should not blind us to the diversity of christological formulation which is a feature of the first-century Christian writings.
In attempting o assess this diversity of christological formulations and to evaluate its significance for today we must avoid oversimplifying solutions.
The concern to harmonize soon became apparent in the second century but it is hardly evident in the first century.
...would ignore the fact that Paul found it equally necessary to speak of Christ in other categories and with other concepts.
...could only be advocated by deliberately ignoring the tensions and pressures within the earliest Christian assessment of the Christ-event which forced Christian thinking towards a modification of Jewish monotheism that would give adequate place to Christ,
Aquesta diversitat cristològica dels principis del cristianisme ¿quin sentit té per la moderna cristologia?
La cristologia
Si el NT ens serveix de norma, la veritat de Crist ha de ser trobada en l'èmfasi individual de les diferents formulacions igual que en allò que les uneix.
If all this has any normative significance for modern christology it is that christology should not be narrowly confined to one particular assessment of Christ, nor should it play one off against another, nor should it insist on squeezing all the different NT conceptualizations into one particular 'shape', but it should recognize that from the first the significance of Christ could only be apprehended by a diversity of formulations which though not always strictly compatible with each other were not regarded as rendering each other invalid.
If the NT does serve as a norm, the truth of Christ will be found in the individual emphasis of the different NT formulations as much as in that which unites them.
Finalment, un punt en particular hauria de ser mencionat especialment: l'èmfasi que la cristologia del NT dóna a la resurrecció de Crist
Aquesta centralitat de la resurrecció com un "esdevenir" en la relació de Jesús amb Déu, un nou estat en la seva funció i la condició de Fill de Déu, continua a través dels escrits del primer segle i només s'esvaeix en el quart Evangeli. (pàg. 254)
One point in particular should perhaps be singled out for special mention: that is the consistent emphasis in NT christology on the importance of the resurrection of Christ.
This centrality of the resurrection as a 'becoming' in Jesus' relation with God, a new state in his role and status as Son of God, continues through the first-century writings and only fades in the Fourth Gospel. (P. 254)
Gràcies per la visita
Miquel Sunyol sscu@tinet.cat 27 febrer 2016 |
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Temes teològics Temes bíblics Temes eclesials Coses de jesuïtes
Catequesi nadalenca (2000) Catequesi eucarística (2006) Catequesi sobre el Parenostre (2012) Catequesi sobre l'error del Déu encarnat (2014-2016)
Fragments de n'Alfredo Fierro Resumint pàgines de Georges Morel Els amics de Jesús ¿pobres o rics? (2014) Sants i santes segons Miquel Sunyol
Spong, el bisbe episcopalià (2000) Teología Indígena (2001) Fernando Hoyos (2000-2016) Amb el pretext d'una enquesta (1998)